I guess All New is a good starting point. Based on your posts here, I think you've got a pretty firm grasp on who's who and how the characters all relate to one another.

If you're looking for a good run from the past, You should check out Whedon & Cassaday's Astonishing. Seriously; this run is a classic. Whedon is obviously a fan of the Claremont era of X-Men, and it shows in his writing. His work on Astonishing recaptures all of the character beats & quirks flawlessly. The only catch I can see with this is that you seem to be an Iceman fan,and he's left out of Astonishing. Instead, Whedon focuses on the team that was shaped by Dark Phoenix, The Brood, Hellfire Club, the Sentinels, Mystique, etc. until it grew into a tightly-knit yet dysfunctional family. It also gives us the origin of Danger; a character who's sort of been with the X-Men since the old days.
Reading this run will give you a lot of emotional shading on Logan & Scott's issues, what makes beast tick, the history shared by Kitty & Colossus, and how freakin' bad-ass and awesome Kitty Pryde is.
The entire run is just 25 issues, so it's substantial enough to dig into and enjoy without being too daunting. It's broken up into four 6-issue arcs: Gifted, Dangerous, Torn, and Unstoppable. You can get the 4 trades for pretty cheap.
Also; Cassiday's art is pretty freakin' awesome.